There are many different kinds of trees in Pennsylvania's forests, but the sweetest tree in Pennsylvania is the sugar maple. The sap from this tree is used to make pure maple syrup. Sugar maple trees are unique to North America and grow naturally only in the north eastern United States and southeastern Canada. This makes maple syrup a very special product we get from Pennsylvania forests.
Figure 1: Sugar maple trees grow best in these areas of Pennsylvania
What does a sugar maple look like?
Sugar maple leaves are 3" to 5" in diameter with five lobes and pointed teeth on the edges.
The sugar maple tree can grow to 100 feet tall and have a trunk diameter of 2 to 4 feet.
How It Started
American Indians first discovered how to make maple syrup many years ago. They collected the sap in containers made from birch Bark. They boiled it by filling a hollowed-out log with sap, then putting hot rocks into it. The American Indians did not have a way to store the sticky liquid maple syrup very well, so they boiled the syrup a little longer to make maple sugar. They used maple sugar to sweeten their food and added it to cold water for a sweet summer drink.
When the first Europeans came to North America, the American Indians taught them about making maple syrup. As time passed, the method of making maple syrup improved, but the basic process remained the same. The annual tradition of making maple syrup has been a part of Pennsylvania's history for well over 200 years.
Students get a first-hand look at dripping sap from a tapped sugar maple tree
Maple Sugaring Basics
In early spring each year, maple producers, also called "sugarmakers," throughout Pennsylvania head to their woods for the start of the maple syrup season. Generally, the maple season lasts from mid-February to early April. Maple producers drill a small hole into the trunk of the tree. This is called tapping. They insert a small spout or spile to catch the sap that begins to collect in the hole. The spout may connect to plastic pipes stretching through the woods, called tubing, or to a bucket to collect the dripping sap.
1. A sugarmaker taps a sugar maple tree by drilling a small hole n the trunk
2. Tubing is used to collect the dripping sap through the tap.
3. Tubing runs from each tapped sugar maple tree, carrying the sap.
4. The sap is collected into a storage tank.
The Magic Tree
The sugar maple tree is the natural resource used to make maple syrup, and maple producers need to take good care of these trees. They wait until sugar maple trees are about 10 inches in diameter (20 to 40 years old) before they start tapping them. They also limit the number of taps they put in one tree according to the size of the tree, so that it will not be damaged. Tapping maple trees properly does not affect tree health. However, a small amount of wood damage does occur in the tree. The sap collected is only a small fraction of the total amount of sap in the tree. The small hole drilled into the tree usually heals within one or two years. If the maple trees are taken care of properly, the same tree can be tapped year after year.
Making the Syrup
Sap from the sugar maple tree is about 98 percent water and 2 percent sugar, other nutrients, and minerals. To make pure maple syrup, the sap needs to be boiled to evaporate a lot of the water away. Maple syrup is 33 percent water and 67 percent sugar.
Figure 2: Pie charts showing the sugar content of raw tree sap and processed maple syrup.
The sap starts to "run" or flow out of the holes when the weather is just right. Sugarmakers like cold nights (with temperatures below freezing) and warm days (with temperatures above freezing) so the sap will flow. Once the sap starts collecting in the buckets or flowing through the tubing, it needs to be processed right away.
Sugarmakers use evaporators to make maple syrup. An evaporator consists of two or more large, specially designed pans that are filled with sap. These pans sit over a fire of burning wood or some other fuel, which heats the sap and causes it to boil. As it boils, some of the water in the sap turns into steam, which rises out of the sugarhouse. The sap becomes thicker and sweeter.
Sugarmakers use firewood to feed the fire under an evaporator to boil the sap
The sugarmaker has to watch the boiling sap very carefully because it could easily burn in the evaporator. As the sap thickens, it gets hotter. The sugarmaker knows that the maple syrup is ready when its temperature reaches 7 degrees Fahrenheit above the boiling point of water. This process requires a lot of time and energy, because it takes about 40 gallons of sap to make just one gallon of pure maple syrup!
Figure 3: It takes about 40 gallons of sugar maple sap to make just 1 gallon of pure maple syrup
The boiling sap is tested with precise instruments to determine if it is maple syrup. If it is thick enough to be maple syrup, it is filtered to take out "sugar sand," which accumulates as the sap boils. Sugar sand is just minerals and nutrients that concentrate as the excess water is boiled away. If it is not filtered out, the maple syrup will appear cloudy.
The Final Product
After the maple syrup is filtered, it is put in a container for sale, or made into other tasty maple treats. Many maple producers process their maple syrup into maple sugar, maple candy, maple cream, and even maple jelly. Pure maple syrup and other maple products have no additives, preservatives, or artificial colors. It's all natural, and some people even call it a "taste of nature."
Maple syrup, maple candy, and maple cream are a few of the maple products made in Pennsylvania.
Pure maple syrup is great on pancakes, waffles, and French toast. You can also enjoy it on vanilla ice cream, on steamed rice and vegetables, or other foods. It is a pure, all-natural product from Pennsylvania's woods.
Boy enjoys pure maple syrup on pancake breakfast
Prepared by Anni Davenport, former extension assistant in forest resources; Sanford Smith, extension specialist in natural resources and youth education; and Roy Adams, former associate professor of wood products.
Support for the printing of this document was provided by the U.S. Forest Service, the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, and the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry.
